A 400-year-old grave held the body of a young woman, the rusted blade of a sickle over her throat and a padlock fastened to her foot — the macabre signs of a community terrified the deceased would rise again. Archaeologists unearthed Zosia, as the skeleton was nicknamed, from an unmarked burial site in 2022 near the village of Pień in northern Poland. The grave’s grisly contents made international headlines, and the 2024 documentary “Field of Vampires” followed researchers as they re-created what her face may have looked like. Now, some of the same scientists have published the first systematic research on Zosia, using ancient DNA and other cutting-edge analyses in an attempt to understand who the woman was, how she died, and why she, and perhaps others buried in the same field around 400 years ago, appeared to have been feared as vampires or demons. “It was unusual that there were two precautions, two methods of showing that this skeleton should be kept in the grave — so the fear of the body coming back to life was greater,” said Dariusz Poliński, the lead author of the study published on July 30 in the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. Poliński, a professor at the Institute of Archaeology at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland, and his colleagues began excavating the site in Pień near Dąbrowa Chełmińska in 2005. The rural field was used as a cemetery for around four generations in the 17th century, with a total of 101 graves from this era discovered at the site, according to Poliński. The burial ground was likely Protestant due to a complete absence of devotional items, such as crosses and medals characteristic of Catholic burials. In this area at that time, Protestant groups from Germany and the Netherlands — primarily Lutherans and Mennonites — lived alongside the predominantly Catholic Polish population. While padlocks have been found at Jewish cemeteries in Poland, the study authors noted the site carried no other characteristic features suggesting this was a Jewish grave. “They were undoubtedly perceived as potentially dangerous corpses, that might harm the living if not disabled in this way,” said John Blair, a University of Oxford professor emeritus of medieval history and archaeology, referring to females buried with sickles over their throats. He was not involved in the study. “Corpse-killing measures are widely attested in burials, at many dates and across the world, though this specific practice seems to be distinctive of early modern Poland,” said Blair, author of “Killing the Dead: Vampire Epidemics from Mesopotamia to the New World.” ‘Unusual’ burials Several dozen burials in the field featured body arrangements or objects that the study described as deviant or atypical. These included a child buried face down, a skeleton positioned as in a crucifixion, graves with stones placed around the skull as if to prevent biting or movement, as well as other graves with sickles and padlocks. The location of the cemetery in Pień, set away from the village on a slope by a crossroads and far from a church or chapel, suggested the field might have served as a “burial place for individuals rejected by society, irrespective of their social status, who were likely feared even after death,” the researchers wrote. “Such burial places were generally omitted from written sources, which explains the absence of source data concerning them. This mode of burial was applied to suicides, heretics, outsiders without municipal citizenship, vagrants, tragically deceased,” the team noted. The triangular-shaped padlock was fastened to the corpse’s big toe when Zosia was initially buried, although it was found unlocked. The sickle, which had a handle made from birch, alder or maple, was placed over her neck at a later date, poised to decapitate her should she try to rise from the dead. The study hypothesized that the sickle was added before the body fully decomposed since no joints were detached or displaced, as archaeologists would expect if a grave were to be disturbed after the body became a skeleton. This finding, the authors said, suggested soft tissue was still holding the skeleton in place. The researchers also found that an item containing copper and gold had been inserted into Zosia’s mouth or nose after death. The study said the object, which left a greenish discolouration on her palate, was unlikely to be a coin, as the proportions of copper to gold did not correspond to those found in historical alloys. Placing such an object in the body was possibly also “an anti-demonic practice,” the study authors wrote. Was Zosia an outsider? To answer this question, the researchers studied Zosia’s DNA and the chemical signatures, or isotopes, of different elements such as oxygen and strontium in her remains. The findings, however, were not clear-cut. The researchers believe Zosia likely spent her childhood in the region because the chemical signatures in her dental tissue indicated that she consumed food and water from local sources, and they were similar to those of other bodies buried in the cemetery. The isotopic signatures were also similar to those of other individuals buried in the cemetery but not especially unique. Growing up in other regions in central Europe would result in similar patterns, the study authors noted. Zosia’s mitochondrial DNA, which allowed researchers to investigate maternal ancestry, suggested that she may have had close female relatives — perhaps her mother, grandmother or great-grandmother — whose ancestry was linked to Scandinavian populations. However, this represented only one of several plausible geographic origins of her lineage, according to the researchers. The team was not able to recover nuclear DNA, which would have provided more detailed information. Geneticist Shai Carmi, an associate professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, has collaborated on an unpublished analysis of another grave from the same cemetery but was not involved in the research on Zosia. “The authors only performed an analysis of the mitochondrial DNA, which is a very short fragment of the genome inherited only from the mother,” he said. “Because it’s so short, it’s not too informative on ancestry except in rare cases. Here, it was indeed not so informative as this mitochondrial DNA sequence appears all over Europe,” he said. The research team is more certain that Zosia, who was between 17 and 19 when she died, came from a wealthy family. Traces of a silk fabric found near her skull that may have been used as a trim on a hat or bonnet contained metal threads made of pure gold and silver. By comparison, according to the study, the burial robes of King Sigismund III Vasa and Queen Constance of Habsburg, interred around the same time in Kraków in southern Poland, contain not a single pure gold thread. Earlier examinations of Zosia’s skeleton had suggested that she perhaps had a haemangioma — a vascular tumor — in her sternum, Poliński said. The condition may have caused pain and produced a deformation or swelling on her chest. However, according to the latest study, there was no evidence of trauma or pathological conditions on her remains that could have led to her death. Further investigations are ongoing, and Poliński said additional study of DNA samples could lead researchers closer to establishing what killed the young woman — although the exact cause of the fear she evoked may take longer to unravel. Poliński said Zosia would likely have been blamed for misfortunes such as disease and famine that often plagued the region in the 17th century, which people sometimes attributed to supernatural activity by the dead. Deviant burials were relatively common in Poland and many parts of Europe during this period, and while the word vampire wasn’t widely in use until the 18th century, they have subsequently become known as vampire burials. Martyn Rady, Masaryk Professor Emeritus of Central European history at University College London, who was not involved in the study, agreed that Zosia was an example of a deviant burial. “The locals at the time believed that the woman might be a revenant, so they chose two modes to prevent her returning: padlock and sickle,” he said. “Other methods used elsewhere in Central Europe include staking, beheading, laying thorns across the corpse, and simply incineration,” he added. Perhaps fittingly for such a demonized woman, Zosia is giving up her secrets grudgingly. The team plans more detailed study of many other burials at the site to untangle why the people who buried Zosia went to such extraordinary lengths to ensure she remained in her grave.
